Both GSM and CDMA are in their twilight years since most operators are moving to 4G and 5G. Companies such as T-Mobile, AT &T, and also Total Wireless ..
Verizon is shutting down their 2G/3G GSM networks in order to advance to the more efficient 4G and 5G technology. ..
What is GSM?
GSM is a standard protocol used in digital cellular networks by mobile devices. Initially, during its inception, it only offered voice telephony service, but later adopted data communication services. It was intended to be a secure wireless system using a pre-shared key, challenge response and over the air encryption.
The company uses cryptographic algorithms to protect the network architecture. ..
- Service Area: This is the area within which the service is offered.
- Network Operator: The network operator provides the service and manages the infrastructure.
- Service Provider: The service provider provides the phone services and applications to end users.
- End User: The person or organization who uses the phone services and applications provided by the service providers in order to make calls, send messages, or access other resources.
The Network Switching Subsystem (NSS) is a core component of the GSM network and provides main control and interfacing for the whole network.
The Base Station Subsystem (BSS) is a part of the network that communicates with devices on the network through the Base Transceiver Station(BTS) and the Base Station Controller (BSC). The BSS helps to ensure that devices on the network can communicate with each other.
The Operation and Support Subsystem (OSS) is responsible for controlling and monitoring the overall GSM network, as well as managing the traffic load of the Base Station Subsystem. ..
GSM services
Voice was the major service offered by GSM at its inception. The speech to be transmitted is first encoded digitally, sent through the communication channel and then decoded at the receiver by a vocoder which is a decoder for voice signals. Data include Teletext, videotext and facsimileShort Message Service (SMS)- has morphed excellently as part of GSM services and is popular since it is simple and cost effective. International roaming service that allows a user to use their mobile phone for services such as calls, text and internet use even when in another countryGeneral Packet Radio Service(GPRS) is-a service that uses packet switched data to communicate over the GSM network. Despite being slow, it enabled data to be incorporated as a main part of the GSM system.
Some limitations of GSM include:
Mobile carriers need to mount several repeaters in order to boost both the signal strength and its coverage. This lag in bandwidth is caused by the multiple mobile terminals accessing the same bandwidth, and electronic interference is also a problem with GSM networks interfering with other electrical signals. ..
What is CDMA?
Code division multiple access is a multiplexing technique in which users in a given communication channel are given access based on the code of the channel they want to access. The communication path is divided into separate channels, each with a unique code for multiple access by many users, and this unique coding is usually for separation purposes. ..
Multiplexing is the process of combining multiple signals from multiple transmitters via one channel. This is done in order to increase the bandwidth of the network.
The multiplexed signal is separated into its constituent original signals using a demultiplexer, before being sent to their respective receivers.
Some types of Multiplexing techniques include:
Frequency division multiplexing (FDM) is a type of multiplexing where signals are combined for transmission on a single line or channel. Each signal is assigned to a different frequency or subchannel within the main channel. This allows for greater flexibility and efficiency when transmitting data.
Wavelength division multiplexing-multiple signals of different carrier wavelengths are channelled through the same medium and are combined to produce a single signal.
Time division multiplexing (TDM) is a technology that allows signals to be transmitted over a single frequency or bandwidth, but at different time slots. This allows for the simultaneous transmission of multiple signals over a single medium, allowing for increased efficiency and coverage.
Code division multiplexing is a technology that allows different users to access different channels or programs by assigning them unique codes. This is done by discussing the codes above and assigning them to the channels or programs. ..
Summary:
Verizon’s network is the most reliable in the country. ..
A growing number of health insurance companies are offering plans that are affordable to the majority of Americans. These plans typically have lower premiums and fewer benefits than traditional health insurance, but they may not cover all of the costs associated with healthcare. ..
- The lack of a clear understanding of the root causes of the problem and how to address them
- The lack of a clear plan for addressing the identified problems
The network owner may deliberately slow down data speeds to prioritize their own needs, in order to save money or improve performance. This can lead to a decrease in the quality of data, and can impact users’ overall experience.
The company has announced that it will be limiting full speed access to its data, though the data itself is said to be unlimited. This move is said to be in an effort to conserve bandwidth and improve speeds for those who need them most. ..
